Evolution And Its Main Contributing Species - 2441 Words

Introduction This paper will explore the theory of evolution and its main contributing species. The Australopithecus is the most primitive common ancestor between humans and apes. Though its contributions to evolution were few, it was still a vital part in evolution being the first ape-like creatures to be known as related to modern humans. Homo sapiens are the first species that share a genus with modern humans. They are slightly more advanced than Australopithecines. Homo erectus are one of the better known of the genus Homo. Finally, Homo neanderthalensis, our closest relatives. The fossils found, the structure and the disappearance of these species will be discussed in further detail throughout this paper. Australopithecus†¦show more content†¦(Johanson Edey, 1981) The next fossil of an Australopithecus was found by Robert Broom. Being larger and more bulky he decided to call it, Paranthropus (towards man) robustus. (Johanson Edey, 1981) This name would later be changed to Australopithecus robustus because in the 1950s all African ape-men were to be known as Australopithecines. They were divided into two categories, a burlier more primitive type (Australopithecus robustus) and a slender more delicate type (Australopithecus africanus). (Figure 1) (Johanson Edey, 1981) The most complete fossil of an Australopithecus was found by Donald Johanson in 1974 at Hadar, Ethiopia. (Figure 2) (Smithsonian Museum, 2016) Johanson and Timothy White named this new species of Australopithecus in 1978, Australopithecus afarensis. (Johnson Bjelland, 2011) This nearly half complete skeleton is known as Lucy. (Johanson Edey, 1981) She was about three and a half feet tall, she had a V-shaped j aw and had a tiny brain. (Johanson Edey, 1981) Lucy’s species was more ape-like and primitive than that of the fossils found by Dart or Broom. (Johanson Edey, 1981) Lucy provided a certainty about bipedalism (the ability to walk upright) that before had only been mere guesses. (Johanson Edey, 1981) Bipedalism was shown by studying the structure of the fossils found. First noticed by Dart was that the foramen magnum (the holes where the spinal column nerves connected to the brain) was at the bottom

Downward Communication Is The Most Common Form Of...

Kelly Polen Professor Nathan Beauchamp English Composition 22 October 2015 There is no question that downward communication is the most common form of communication used in companies today. While downward communication is a major part of a business’s success, there is another form of communication that would be more beneficial. Traditionally, corporate officials’ messages pass down the levels of management, until the message finally reaches the lowest level employees. Companies often ignore upward communication even though it can be beneficial. Having employee input not only helps make more informed decisions, but it also causes employees to be more motivated and initiative at work because they feel that their voices are heard. Not†¦show more content†¦He realized that I was the only employee who knew how to complete these tasks. Tony gave me a list of thirty things to change. There were a few tasks that I did not agree with. When I tried to offer my opinion, he reminded me that he was the one who worked for the company for over thirt y years and the one working for corporate, not me. What did a high schooler know that he didn’t? I knew what sold well at our store and what our customers liked. He also never worked for the Osco department so he didn’t know how things actually worked in the store. Plans may look good on paper in the corporate offices, but that doesn’t mean that they will work in the stores. It did not surprise me when his manager, Mark, came in and questioned some of the changes Tony had me make. When I received the list of things to change back to the way we had it from Mark, five out of the seven things were things I tried to explain to Tony why they wouldn’t work, but he refused to listen to a high schooler. There are many possible solutions to the lack of upward communication in companies. â€Å"To achieve high levels of employee engagement, you need to first understand what they are thinking. One way to do this is to collect employee feedback through regular employee surveys† (The Staff of The Corporate Executive Board). Surveys are one way to have more upwardShow MoreRelatedVerbal Communication And Written Communication1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are 2 types of communication that will be discussed below, which are verbal communication and written communication 2.3.1 Verbal communication Verbal communication exchange their information between different people by communicating orally. The examples of verbal communication would include face-to-face conversation, meetings, interviews, conferences, speeches and phone calls. 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Big Brother or Friendly Giant Essay Example For Students

Big Brother or Friendly Giant Essay Computer Monitoring, Forging Tools for the FutureComputer Monitoring is most often intended to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace, but with good intentions comes the opportunity for abuse by employers and employees alike. An example of both can be found in an article taken from The Futurist. Kristen Bell De Tiennes composition Big Brother or Friendly Giant: Computer Monitoring in the 21st Century is an exceptional observation as to what the future may hold for those people choosing to enter the technological field such as industry, commerce, medicine and science. As Computer Monitoring increases there comes a concern for the types of effects it may have in the workplace. According to DeTienne, By the end of the decade, as many as 30 million people may constantly be monitored in their jobs (462). As computer systems become more sophisticated this number will drastically increase. As we enter this new age of technology we must remember that with more power comes more responsibility by employers and employees alike. Micheal J. Smith, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison explains that knowledge can be used as a weapon or as a tool (DeTienne 462). For instance monitoring abuse can be found in the in the situation of airline agents. The agents discovered that by keeping customers on hold while finishing their work they could gain an extra 5-minute break (De Tienne 462). In the future these evasions of work will be stopped and for this reason employees who are accustomed to evading the monitoring system may no longer be able to tolerate it (De Tienne 463). These types of employees may find they can no longer survive the added pressure of not being able to evade the system (DeTienne 463). While monitoring can add pressure to some employees it can also be a relief to others. It is a relief to the employee because it provides information readily at hand. With the use of prompts, acting as reminders to workers of information needed is passed on efficiently allowing employees to do a better job. However, if prompts are used to tell an employee how much time has been wasted or how bad an employee is doing their job, it could cause the opposite effect (DeTienne 463). Monitoring can have a positive effect on workers by letting the employee access their own information. In a study by Christopher Early information about job performence given by a computer is accepted better than a performance rating given by a boss. This can only have positive results for both employers and employees (De Tienne 463). While at this time monitoring is based on the output of an employees performance. In the future there will be more freedom for employees to use their own ideas, therefore making monitoring more effective (DeTienne 464). While monitoring will be used mostly as a tool. One example of monitoring as a weapon is seen when a woman took an extra minute in the bathroom was threatened with loosing her job. With this added stress she suffered a nervous breakdown. The Company insisted that they were not spying but were only trying to improve their business (DeTienne 465). If monitoring is not used correctly businesses will suffer with increases in operating costs because of increased turnover, absenteeism, medical costs, and workers compensation (DeTiene 465) Employers who use positive reinforcement with monitoring will guarantee better motivation. Employers therefore receive the benefits of better business (DeTienne 465). Although, most employers will use monitoring in a positive way, legislation may be needed to protect employees from those who abuse the monitoring system. The protection of employees should be the most important issue now and in the future. Legislation has the potential to help employees with issues of better treatment and the right to privacy (De Tienne 465). In the New Century companies that succeed, according to John Scully who is chairman of Apple Computers, will be the ones who learn from the past and from the me boss and you employee mentality. Instead of possessing this mentality employers should strive to make employees feel better about themselves and their jobs (DeTienne 466). .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .postImageUrl , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:hover , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:visited , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:active { border:0!important; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:active , .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0 .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28ac7b9548d7f0c787ed7722bee7b7f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bhangra Dance Sample EssayA good Blacksmith can take a hammer and forge a weapon into a tool that can benefit the whole village. Employers are the Blacksmiths employees are the hammers, monitoring is the tool. It takes both to make a tool to benefit the future. Bibliography:DeTienne, Kristen Bell. Big Brother or Friendly Coach: Computer Monitoring in the 21st Century Writing and Reading Across theCurriculum. Ed Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen New York. Addison Wesley Longhorn, Inc. 1997 461-466

Research on Body Language Essay Example

Research on Body Language Essay Psychology, Henry Webster Phd Research Topic choice number 16: Body language and attitude THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY LANGUAGE What is body language? It is the number of gestures defining an idea non-verbally, it is the primary and first form of language mankind ever had. Words, languages, forms of communication would not have been invented, we would all communicate with gestures and facial expressions, and we would still be able to transmit ideas and understand each other! In this text I will explain how body language is used as a form of communication, how lying is extremely difficult with your facial expressions and gestures, where you can see body language in action and the degree of difficulty to understand it. I will explain in a second part the subtleties of how our body language was formed and how it is the primary source of understanding in human communication. I will demonstrate as well how attitudes, emotions and their representation are linked with non-verbal communication. First of all, non-verbal communication goes back to the birth of mankind. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We can watch body language in apes, monkeys and various animal species for it is the fundamental level of communication. Doctor Paul Ekman was the major researcher about body language and non-verbal cues. He determined that across every culture there were specific non-verbal actions that were universal representing the six major emotions: anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise. He also discovered the presence of micro-expression which are expressions representing emotions flashing in a quarter of a second across a person’s face. With enough exercise one can be able to recognize them and spot contradictory micro-expressions with the real emotion of an individual. Moreover Dr Ekman says â€Å"One origin of nonverbal behavior is a relationship between stimulus event and nonverbal activity which is built into the nervous system of every intact member of a species† The repertoire of nonverbal behavior. ) Secondly, the science of the body language, also known as Kinesics, can be used in various situations to an exercised observer. The body language can e used to create deep and profound attraction by movements, touch (Kino-escalation) and facial expressions (flirt). It was observed that two individuals having a conversation after ten minutes would mirror their body language as if they were on the same radio channel and would be able to communicate more efficiently. The same thing happens in seduction. The two person will eventually mirror each other’s body language, touch each other progressively wi th an escalation of the touch until a turning point where friendship is transformed into something else altogether. When mirroring doesn’t take place a sense of unease will gradually arise. Furthermore, we also have to mention a zone of comfort that when invaded arouses really complicated emotions that can lead to verbal or physical violence depending on the level of intrusion of personal space. However the intrusion of personal space in seduction can be effective to seduce the aimed person. Moreover the body language varies from one individual to another and has different meanings compared to the same gesture made by someone else. Body language is relative to age and gender. It is found that women and girls in their teens are far more precise in their observation of body language than men, probably because they observe more closely the social structure that is established in a group to know where they fit in that particular structure, while a man doesn’t necessarily care about it. Thirdly, body language is the source of attitudes, because of multiple factors; it can create a social structure in various social interactions resulting of a stronger person in a group and weaker ones. This structure is always established through Social value that is attributed through body language, leading to attitude. We can recognize â€Å"the Alpha Male† in the male that leans backwards, doesn’t really let the others affect his posture or his body language therefore not allowing them to interact in his body language zone (or bubble as his reality). The â€Å"Alpha† person is often considered having the most influence over the others in the group, imposing his â€Å"reality† to the other members conveyed through his dominant posture, movements and facial expressions. Finally, you can find a good ability to discern body language in mentalists ( see the show The Mentalist) or in police forces some of the time (see Lie o Me which is inspired of Dr Ekman’s research). Body language is in every interaction, it defines the nature of the relation we have with different people at different moment, it creates a micro-social structure in groups related to attitudes shown by the members of the group, and it is the base of primary communication between human beings and takes up to 78 percent of communication. Bibliography: 1) http://www. paulekman. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/The-Repertoire-Of-Nonverbal-Behavior-Categories-Origins-. pdf 2) http://www. businessballs. com/body-language. htm#body-language-history Research on Body Language Essay Example Research on Body Language Essay Psychology, Henry Webster Phd Research Topic choice number 16: Body language and attitude THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY LANGUAGE What is body language? It is the number of gestures defining an idea non-verbally, it is the primary and first form of language mankind ever had. Words, languages, forms of communication would not have been invented, we would all communicate with gestures and facial expressions, and we would still be able to transmit ideas and understand each other! In this text I will explain how body language is used as a form of communication, how lying is extremely difficult with your facial expressions and gestures, where you can see body language in action and the degree of difficulty to understand it. I will explain in a second part the subtleties of how our body language was formed and how it is the primary source of understanding in human communication. I will demonstrate as well how attitudes, emotions and their representation are linked with non-verbal communication. First of all, non-verbal communication goes back to the birth of mankind. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Body Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We can watch body language in apes, monkeys and various animal species for it is the fundamental level of communication. Doctor Paul Ekman was the major researcher about body language and non-verbal cues. He determined that across every culture there were specific non-verbal actions that were universal representing the six major emotions: anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise. He also discovered the presence of micro-expression which are expressions representing emotions flashing in a quarter of a second across a person’s face. With enough exercise one can be able to recognize them and spot contradictory micro-expressions with the real emotion of an individual. Moreover Dr Ekman says â€Å"One origin of nonverbal behavior is a relationship between stimulus event and nonverbal activity which is built into the nervous system of every intact member of a species† The repertoire of nonverbal behavior. ) Secondly, the science of the body language, also known as Kinesics, can be used in various situations to an exercised observer. The body language can e used to create deep and profound attraction by movements, touch (Kino-escalation) and facial expressions (flirt). It was observed that two individuals having a conversation after ten minutes would mirror their body language as if they were on the same radio channel and would be able to communicate more efficiently. The same thing happens in seduction. The two person will eventually mirror each other’s body language, touch each other progressively wi th an escalation of the touch until a turning point where friendship is transformed into something else altogether. When mirroring doesn’t take place a sense of unease will gradually arise. Furthermore, we also have to mention a zone of comfort that when invaded arouses really complicated emotions that can lead to verbal or physical violence depending on the level of intrusion of personal space. However the intrusion of personal space in seduction can be effective to seduce the aimed person. Moreover the body language varies from one individual to another and has different meanings compared to the same gesture made by someone else. Body language is relative to age and gender. It is found that women and girls in their teens are far more precise in their observation of body language than men, probably because they observe more closely the social structure that is established in a group to know where they fit in that particular structure, while a man doesn’t necessarily care about it. Thirdly, body language is the source of attitudes, because of multiple factors; it can create a social structure in various social interactions resulting of a stronger person in a group and weaker ones. This structure is always established through Social value that is attributed through body language, leading to attitude. We can recognize â€Å"the Alpha Male† in the male that leans backwards, doesn’t really let the others affect his posture or his body language therefore not allowing them to interact in his body language zone (or bubble as his reality). The â€Å"Alpha† person is often considered having the most influence over the others in the group, imposing his â€Å"reality† to the other members conveyed through his dominant posture, movements and facial expressions. Finally, you can find a good ability to discern body language in mentalists ( see the show The Mentalist) or in police forces some of the time (see Lie o Me which is inspired of Dr Ekman’s research). Body language is in every interaction, it defines the nature of the relation we have with different people at different moment, it creates a micro-social structure in groups related to attitudes shown by the members of the group, and it is the base of primary communication between human beings and takes up to 78 percent of communication. Bibliography: 1) http://www. paulekman. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/The-Repertoire-Of-Nonverbal-Behavior-Categories-Origins-. pdf 2) http://www. businessballs. com/body-language. htm#body-language-history